Practice (TheColoringMethod)

Let

$n$ be a positive integer, prove that in this series

$\Big\lfloor{\frac{n}{1}}\Big\rfloor, \Big\lfloor{\frac{n}{2}}\Big\rfloor, \Big\lfloor{\frac{n}{3}}\Big\rfloor \cdots \Big\lfloor{\frac{n}{n}}\Big\rfloor$ , there are less than

$2\sqrt{n}$ integers distinct.

Ten people form a line, among which two are Chinese and two are Americans. Find the probability that both Chinese will stand in front of both Americans (not necessarily immediately in the front).

Solve in integers the equation

$x^2+xy+y^2 = \left(\frac{x+y}{3}+1\right)^3.$

Quadrilateral

$APBQ$ is inscribed in circle

$\omega$ with

$angle P = \angle Q = 90^{\circ}$ and

$AP = AQ < BP$ . Let

$X$ be a variable point on segment

$\overline{PQ}$ . Line

$AX$ meets

$\omega$ again at

$S$ (other than

$A$ ). Point

$T$ lies on arc

$AQB$ of

$\omega$ such that

$\overline{XT}$ is perpendicular to

$\overline{AX}$ . Let

$M$ denote the midpoint of chord

$\overline{ST}$ . As

$X$ varies on segment

$\overline{PQ}$ , show that

$M$ moves along a circle.

Let

$S = {1, 2, ..., n}$ , where

$n \ge 1$ . Each of the

$2^n$ subsets of

$S$ is to be colored red or blue. (The subset itself is assigned a color and not its individual elements.) For any set

$T \subseteq S$ , we then write

$f(T)$ for the number of subsets of T that are blue. Determine the number of colorings that satisfy the following condition: for any subsets

$T_1$ and

$T_2$ of

$S$ ,

$f(T_1)f(T_2) = f(T_1 \cup T_2)f(T_1 \cap T_2).$

Steve is piling

$m \geq 1$ indistinguishable stones on the squares of an

$n\times n$ grid. Each square can have an arbitrarily high pile of stones. After he finished piling his stones in some manner, he can then perform stone moves, defined as follows. Consider any four grid squares, which are corners of a rectangle, i.e. in positions

$(i, k), (i, l), (j, k), (j, l)$ for some

$1\leq i, j, k, l \leq n$ , such that

$i < j$ and

$k < l$ . A stone move consists of either removing one stone from each of

$(i, k)$ and

$(j, l)$ and moving them to

$(i, l)$ and

$(j, k)$ respectively,j or removing one stone from each of

$(i, l)$ and

$(j, k)$ and moving them to

$(i, k)$ and

$(j, l)$ respectively. Two ways of piling the stones are equivalent if they can be obtained from one another by a sequence of stone moves. How many different non-equivalent ways can Steve pile the stones on the grid?

Let $a, b, c, d, e$ be distinct positive integers such that $a^4 + b^4 = c^4 + d^4 = e^5$ . Show that $ac + bd$ is a composite number.

Consider

$0<\lambda<1$ , and let

$A$ be a multiset of positive integers. Let

$A_n={a\in A: a\leq n}$ . Assume that for every

$n\in\mathbb{N}$ , the set

$A_n$ contains at most

$n\lambda$ numbers. Show that there are infinitely many

$n\in \mathbb{N}$ for which the sum of the elements in

$A_n$ is at most

$\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\lambda$ . (A multiset is a set-like collection of elements in which order is ignored, but repetition of elements is allowed and multiplicity of elements is significant. For example, multisets

${1, 2, 3}$ and

${2, 1, 3}$ are equivalent, but

${1, 1, 2, 3}$ and

${1, 2, 3}$ differ.)

The expressions

$A$ =

$1\times 2 + 3\times 4 + 5\times 6 + \cdots + 37 \times 38 + 39$ and

$B$ =

$1 + 2 \times 3 + 4\times 5 + \cdots + 36\times 37 + 38\times 39$ are obtained by writing multiplication and addition operators in an alternating pattern between successive integers. Find the positive difference between integers

$A$ and

$B$ .

The nine delegates to the Economic Cooperation Conference include $2$ officials from Mexico, $3$ officials from Canada, and $4$ officials from the United States. During the opening session, three of the delegates fall asleep. Assuming that the three sleepers were determined randomly, find the probability that exactly two of the sleepers are from the same country.

There is a prime number $p$ such that $16p+1$ is the cube of a positive integer. Find $p$ .

Point

$B$ lies on line segment

$\overline{AC}$ with

$AB=16$ and

$BC=4$ . Points

$D$ and

$E$ lie on the same side of line

$AC$ forming equilateral triangles

$\triangle ABD$ and

$\triangle BCE$ . Let

$M$ be the midpoint of

$\overline{AE}$ , and

$N$ be the midpoint of

$\overline{CD}$ . The area of

$\triangle BMN$ is

$x$ . Find

$x^2$ .

In a drawer Sandy has $5$ pairs of socks, each pair a different color. On Monday Sandy selects two individual socks at random from the $10$ socks in the drawer. On Tuesday Sandy selects $2$ of the remaining $8$ socks at random and on Wednesday two of the remaining $6$ socks at random. Find the probability that Wednesday is the first day Sandy selects matching socks.

Point $A,B,C,D,$ and $E$ are equally spaced on a minor arc of a cirle. Points $E,F,G,H,I$ and $A$ are equally spaced on a minor arc of a second circle with center $C$ as shown in the figure below. The angle $\angle ABD$ exceeds $\angle AHG$ by $12^\circ$ . Find the degree measure of $\angle BAG$ .

In the diagram below, $ABCD$ is a square. Point $E$ is the midpoint of $\overline{AD}$ . Points $F$ and $G$ lie on $\overline{CE}$ , and $H$ and $J$ lie on $\overline{AB}$ and $\overline{BC}$ , respectively, so that $FGHJ$ is a square. Points $K$ and $L$ lie on $\overline{GH}$ , and $M$ and $N$ lie on $\overline{AD}$ and $\overline{AB}$ , respectively, so that $KLMN$ is a square. The area of $KLMN$ is $99$ . Find the area of $FGHJ$ .

For positive integer

$n$ , let

$s(n)$ denote the sum of the digits of

$n$ . Find the smallest positive integer satisfying

$s(n) = s(n+864) = 20$ .

Let

$S$ be the set of all ordered triple of integers

$(a_1,a_2,a_3)$ with

$1 \le a_1,a_2,a_3 \le 10$ . Each ordered triple in

$S$ generates a sequence according to the rule

$a_n=a_{n-1}\cdot | a_{n-2}-a_{n-3} |$ for all

$n \ge 4$ . Find the number of such sequences for which

$a_n=0$ for some

$n$ .

Let

$f(x)$ be a third-degree polynomial with real coefficients satisfying

$|f(1)|=|f(2)|=|f(3)|=|f(5)|=|f(6)|=|f(7)|=12.$ Find

$|f(0)|$ .

Triangle

$ABC$ has positive integer side lengths with

$AB=AC$ . Let

$I$ be the intersection of the bisectors of

$\angle B$ and

$\angle C$ . Suppose

$BI=8$ . Find the smallest possible perimeter of

$\triangle ABC$ .

Consider all

$1000$ -element subsets of the set

$\{1, 2, 3, ... , 2015\}$ . From each such subset choose the least element. Find the arithmetic mean of all of these least elements.

With all angles measured in degrees, the product

$\displaystyle\prod_{k=1}^{45} csc^2(2k-1)^\circ=m^n$ , where

$m$ and

$n$ are integers greater than 1. Find

$m+n$ .

For each integer

$n \ge 2$ , let

$A(n)$ be the area of the region in the coordinate plane defined by the inequalities

$1\le x \le n$ and

$0\le y \le x \left\lfloor \sqrt x \right\rfloor$ , where

$\left\lfloor \sqrt x \right\rfloor$ is the greatest integer not exceeding

$\sqrt x$ . Find the number of values of

$n$ with

$2\le n \le 1000$ for which

$A(n)$ is an integer.

A block of wood has the shape of a right circular cylinder with radius $6$ and height $8$ , and its entire surface has been painted blue. Points $A$ and $B$ are chosen on the edge of one of the circular faces of the cylinder so that $\overset\frown{AB}$ on that face measures $120^\text{o}$ . The block is then sliced in half along the plane that passes through point $A$ , point $B$ , and the center of the cylinder, revealing a flat, unpainted face on each half. The area of one of these unpainted faces is $a\cdot\pi + b\sqrt{c}$ , where $a$ , $b$ , and $c$ are integers and $c$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $a+b+c$ .

Let

$N$ be the least positive integer that is both

$22$ percent less than one integer and

$16$ percent greater than another integer. Find the remainder when

$N$ is divided by

$1000$ .

In a new school

$40$ percent of the students are freshmen,

$30$ percent are sophomores,

$20$ percent are juniors, and

$10$ percent are seniors. All freshmen are required to take Latin, and

$80$ percent of the sophomores,

$50$ percent of the juniors, and

$20$ percent of the seniors elect to take Latin. Find the probability that a randomly chosen Latin student is a sophomore.

Practice (TheColoringMethod)

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